Background: Sexual scripts (SSs) are formed based on the gendered culture in societies. Objective: To evaluate the associations between the sexual behavioral aspects: capacity, motivation, performance, and SS amongst Iranian college students. Materials and Methods: From September to December 2020, we recruited 400 college students who were married, had no acute or chronic diseases, was no drug abuser, and were not pregnant at the time of the study. The demographic questionnaire, sexual behavior assessment, and SSs questionnaires were completed by all the participants. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multivariate regression were used for data analysis. We also employed an independent t test to compare sexual behavior-related variables: sexual capacity, sexual performance, sexual motivation, and SSs in 2 female and male student groups. Results: Men and women were significantly different in the component of sexual behaviors. Women had higher sexual motivation than men. The participants’,SSs were positively correlated with all 3 components of sexual behaviors at a significant level of p ≤,0. 001. Of demographic characteristics, only women’, s age had a significant correlation with sexual capacity. For men, education level and economic status were positively correlated with all components of men’, s sexual behaviors. Conclusion: Sexual behaviors seem to be highly gendered, particularly, in the motivational component. Based on the results, SSs are more determinant than demographics. We recommend gender-sensitive and cultural-oriented sexuality educations for Iranians to provide fundamental changes in the SSs.

Objective Leadership has consistently been recognized as a fundamental element in any group of individuals, playing a critical role whether in defining their roles within society or within the structural confines of an organization. Effective leadership within an organization is crucial for steering its members toward the attainment of established goals and upholding the values defined by the organization. Leadership is extensively defined as the ability to significantly alter the values, beliefs, and attitudes of people, primarily exerting this influence through persuasive and strategic interactions. A crucial aspect of effective leadership involves strategically shaping the mental models of individuals to ensure alignment with the organization’s objectives and foundational values. In today’s era, which is characterized by a remarkably rapid pace of information transmission, distinguishing between good and bad decisions becomes particularly challenging, especially in the face of ongoing crises and environmental changes that introduce significant complexity to the process of sense-making. Indeed, in many scenarios, an individual’s perception of reality can hold more significant implications than reality itself. This research initiative was undertaken with the aim of exploring how the sense-making process can significantly enhance leadership capabilities through the systematic deployment of behavioral scripts and cognitive scripts. Methods Considering the limited resources available in this specific area of study, the grounded theory approach was adopted. This research is firmly grounded in an interpretive paradigm and is classified under qualitative methodologies, employing an inductive approach that also incorporated a retrospective analysis to deepen the understanding of the underlying themes. In this extensive study, a total of 111 randomly selected groups operating at various organizational levels within companies active in the pharmaceutical industry were meticulously examined to gather a broad spectrum of insights. Results The evaluation of leadership effectiveness is predominantly conducted through a detailed analysis of a leader’s followers; hence, interviews were strategically conducted with groups at different organizational levels, always involving the presence of the group leader and at least two of his or her followers. Following the meticulous collection of data, the responses were carefully coded, rigorously analyzed, and the insightful findings subsequently implemented. The thorough analysis revealed eight distinct components of cognitive scripts and four components of behavioral scripts that play significant roles in the sense-making process, thereby facilitating effective leadership empowerment. Conclusion The in-depth insights derived from the interviews and the subsequent coding processes demonstrated that effective sense-making, significantly augmented by the strategic use of behavioral scripts and cognitive scripts, profoundly improves the mental models within an organization, leading to enhanced leadership empowerment. This empowerment equips leaders and their followers to exhibit optimal responses in their roles when confronted with crises, changes, and decisions that are impending, thereby aligning effectively with the strategic goals of the organization. The intricate process of enhancing the mental model, which is crucial for the cultivation of effective leadership, is achieved through diligent and methodical sense-making that respects and incorporates the core values of the organization

Transliteration is a method for phonetic representation of foreign words in writing. In languages with two different scripts, contents can be transfer by transliteration. This method lead up to access to literature and the written heritage of two different cultures, that similarity of them is language with many kind of difference. Exactly, Persian and Cyrillic scripts among them are. The history of script changes in Tajikistan and comparison between Persian and Cyrillic graphemes reviewed at first in this article. After that, intelligence and fast transferring of Persian contents in by computers, between Persian and cycillic scripts. In the end of this paper we will find guidelines for the development of such tools and strengths and weaknesses of this method have been shown.

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Long before the extensive use of Arabic script for writing Persian, Persian-speaking religious minorities (Jews, Christians and Manichaeans) used their own religious scripts for this purpose. In other words, the oldest extant Persian texts that belong to the period before 447 AH/1055 AD, were written in three different non-Arabic scripts: Hebrew, Syriac and Manichaean. These texts belong to a period in the history of the Persian language that is usually referred to as "the dark period". In this paper the author examines the phonological, morphological, syntactic and lexical characteristics of Old Persian documents. The purpose is to shed some light on lesser known aspects of "this dark period".

If we are asked to name some great examples from our teachers, we will all remember some of them. What exactly was in their teaching that now is known as a distinguished teacher? When we look a little deeper at this issue, we see that it is nothing but the behavior of the teacher,as students, we have seen the teacher's behavior and found him or her superior to others. Let us have a deeper look again: Where does this behavior come from?

This paper by using theory of orientalism and antagonism in theory of discourse studies the confrontation of Christian Arab literati with Islamic calture and it has been shown that the role of Christian Arab literati is Significant and widespread in anti Islamic activities and the cultural influence of the West, especially in the Arab world, including Egypt, Syria and Tunisia and they emphasized on antagonism of islam. Most instances of identity constructed as "non" in Authentic Arabic Islamic culture: Ridicule the islamic culture, Breaking bad sins and evil red lines of Islamic affairs such as liaison and the promotion of Christian doctrines such as Plead guilty and introduction of Christianity as a religion of peace. secularization of Arabic script and, language. representation of Islam as a backward religion and synonym with ignorance and illiteracy, history making and induction development  era  began with the arrival of west culture to the Arab world. illustration West aggressive  as prophets of progress and civilization are some of Christian literati sterategies in their stories and poems.

Writing system is considered one of the greatest and probably the most important invention of humanity. That is because not only has it made possible to record history, it has eased communication among people and cultures. In terms of oral features, language has been a natural development for almost all people over the history. Writing however has historically gone through a different line of development. In the initial stages, some cultural groups gave rise to writing to record their transactions. Such writings were first pictographic, that is, the relationship between an object and its writing symbol was so close. This pictorial relationship remained as a mutual alphabet for a long time until the pictures went through some modifications, and the alphabet was born. The meaning in pictogram was obvious to the reader as each picture represented the related object. However, with the gradual replacement of pictures with alphabetic letters over time, each letter was to represent a special sound, and consequently, the created abstraction changed the clarity of meaning to a point where any mistake in writing a letter would lead to lack of understanding of the writer's meaning. As such, true recognition of each letter in various scripts, in order to achieve the goal of writing, gained importance. Right reading and distinguishing each letter in scripts and calligraphy is dependent on the right and complete expression of the shapes of that writing system. Therefore, each letter is supposed to bear special shape features that when disobeyed, similarity with other letters, thus mistakes in recognizing and reading would be resulted. Islamic alphabet is characterized by positive aspects and unique features along with some limitations, which are in need of a separate thorough discussion. However, beyond all judgments on limitations and positives of the alphabet, form and shape features of the alphabet need to be taken into consideration. The available literature proves the shortage of basic and fundamental investigations on structure and forms of Islamic script and calligraphy. Therefore, it emphasizes on the necessity to carry out studies in this area. On the other hand, mentioning the drawbacks in Islamic scripts and discussions like the incongruity of this writing system with today's scientific and technological developments have made the emergence of recommendations, criticisms, and even opponents against this writing, to a point where the idea of changing the script has gained a special attention in Islamic countries. We are faced with a variety of shapes and also the similarity of lettering in some letters of Islamic script. If unique structure features of each letter are discovered, clear recognition of letters would be achieved. In order to fulfill this aim, the present study has put forward two questions: Which part of the consisting components of letters in Islamic script has the distinguishing ability of that part? What are the recognizable features of each letter? The study has focused on traditional scripts, and is conducted by using descriptive-analytic methodology. Letters, after being separated, are analyzed in distinct tables using shape comparison among data. The results achieved through such comparisons show the variety in shapes of each letter. In spite of this diversity, distinctive parts can be found for each letter, the preservation of which makes it sufficient to distinguish each letter.